A SPAD for an AI train, in my experience, will occur if it does not have time to come to a complete stop before a STOP signal. This can occur if:-
- the signal was at PROCEED (or CAUTION) but suddenly drops to STOP (e.g. another train has taken possession of the section ahead) or
- the PROCEED signal is directly in front of another signal showing STOP but the first signal has no CAUTION aspect and is too close to the STOP signal.