I believe in the US, railroads work on a basis of 2 - 3hp per ton of trailing weight, on heavily graded lines.
In the UK we get away with more, for example the Mendip stone trains will frequently have a single Class 59 loco (3300 hp) hauling trains in excess of 4000 tonnes which is well under 1hp per tonne. However, the Class 59's are specifically geared for this particular work. On the steepest continuous main line gradient in the UK, 1 in 37 Lickey Incline from Bromsgrove to Blackwell 2 miles, the maximum load for a 3300hp Class 66 is 1070 tonnes before a banker is required.
However it all depends on the motive power weight gearing, weather conditions etc. - for example it is not unknown for HST's climbing the Devon banks to slip to a stand or be overpowered in poor rail conditions or if a power car is dead. Despite being some 2200 hp on each power car, they are only 80 tonnes and express geared for 125 MPH so easily get into trouble, on a relatively light 300 tonne load.