I laid a single track on a straight area of a DEM ... every 1/4 mile I placed a spline point ... a measured each gradient section ... I added all the gradient numerals all up ... if there were 10 gradients, I divided the numeral by 10, and this gave me a rough guestimate of where to start, as to an @ gradient numeral
On an area @ Johnstown I added up dozens of all the gradients numerals, including the curves ... it was a real rollercoaster (+3.75%, -5.60% ... etc ...) ... I found the @ gradient to be @ +1.10%
This is why I never press the "Smooth Spline" tool button, for many months ... I keep running my route (plowing through dirt) and tinker around with spline point heights, until I eventually get them right