In other news, i've just completed the 3rd part of the "211 Series megapack" - the 415-1500 Series AC/DC multivoltage trains!
From left to right: JNR Joban Line livery, JNR Kyushu area livery, JR East's version, the experimental KuHa 415-1901 double-decker cab car of JR East and JR Kyushu's version.
All of these are already avaible at my website (
here for the JNR version,
here for the JR East version, including KuHa 415-1901, and
here for the JR Kyushu version)
Now, the 415-1500 Series was introduced in 1986, just before the privatization of JNR, to supplement the existing "conventional steel" 415 Series trains, wich were derived from the DC-only 113 Series' design.
Unlike their predecessors however, the new 415-1500 Series was based on the 211 Series, then JNR's newest suburban train design, and the successor of the 113 Series itself.
To contain costs, the 415-1500 Series was designed to be as similar as possible to the 211 Series, using the same exact stainless steel bodyshell and FRP front mask, bogeys, doors, air conditioning units and so on. The only notable external differences between the 211 Series and the 415-1500 Series was the presence on the latter of a distinctive cab radio antennae on the roof and of an array of three jumper cables on the front to operate in multiple unit control with "conventional steel" 415 Series sets.
The 415-1500 Series had indeed been designed around MU-compatibility with the older, heavier, 415 Series sets and as such, they had their performance tweaked to match the one of the 415-500 and 415-700 Series' one, then the lastest batches of conventional steel 415 Series sets built (in 1981 and 1984 respectively). The traction equipment, a resistor control coupled with DC motors and a rectifier (when running under AC catenary), was also virtually unchanged from the older 415 Serieses' one.
Therefore, depsite the radically different exterior looks, the 415-1500 Series remained technically similar to the older sets, reason why JNR decided to classify them as a part of the 415 Series family rather than with an entirely new designation (and also because all the 41X series numbers, used by JNR to indicate AC/DC multivoltage suburban trains, had already been taken*).
JNR initially ordered a fleet of twenty-one 4-car sets (a total of 84 cars), maufactured jointly by Nippon Sharyo, Kawasaki Heavy Industries, Hitachi and Tokyu Car Co., with the first deliveries to be made in 1986.
Originally, all 21 sets were to be assigned to Katsuta Depot (in Hitachinaka city) for services on the Joban Line out of Ueno, but soon JNR modified it's plans, with eight 4-car sets being allocated to Minami-Fukuoka depot in Kyushu, for Kagoshima Line services between Mojiko or Shimonoseki and Nagasaki or Haiki.
The 415-1500 Series entered service simultaneously in 1986, both in Honshu and in Kyushu. The new trains were fitted in a similar livery, but of a different tonality: the thirteen Joban Line units were fitted with a dark blue line, while the eight Kyushu area units were fitted with a light blue line.
By the time of JNR's privatization, on the 1st of April 1987, there were 85 415-1500 Series cars in service: twenty-one 4-car sets plus an additional trailer car, SaHa 411-1700.
This unique car had been introduced togheter with the rest of the 415-1500 Series in 1986: that year, with a general reorganization of "conventional steel" 415 Serieses' formations, JNR found out that one trailer car was missing to form a 7-car set. To solve the problem, Nippon Sharyo was contracted to make an additional trailer car based on the already-in production 415-1500 Series. Designated as SaHa 411-1701, it was the only stainless steel 415 Series car to be fitted with semi-cross seating. Upon it's entrance in service, SaHa 411-1701 was sandwitched at the dead center of a conventional steel 415 Series formation (three cars on one side and three on the other).
After the privatization, the newly formed JR East and JR Kyushu inherited the 415-1500 Series sets allocated to their respective areas: JR East got the thirteen Joban Line sets plus SaHa 411-1701, while JR Kyushu got the eight sets assigned to Minami-Fukuoka depot.
Out of the two, JR East was the only to order an additional batch of 415-1500 Series sets, doubling it's fleet with an order for thirteen more 4-car sets placed to Nippon Sharyo and Kinki Sharyo in 1991.
The trains in the JR East-ordered batch were nearly identical to the ones built during the JNR Era, with only small, very minor improvements. The last of the thirteen JR East-ordered sets however fetaured an unique car: KuHa 415-1901, an experimental double-decker cab car built by Nippon Sharyo.
KuHa 415-1901 was intended to act as a testbed for the viability of introducing double-decker cars in regular service as a countermesaure against overcrowding and to act as a prototype for JR East's plans for an all-double-decker suburban train.
The cab car's bodyshell was derived from the double-decker SaRo 124 green cars for 211 Series trains, and therefore it's shape was essentially identical to standard 415-1500 Series (and by extension, all 211 Series family derivatives) single-level cars. To transform it into a double decker car, a "bathub" was added to the underloor, containing seating for the lower level, and a rounded top section, containing the upper level, was added on top, with great care not to exceeding the railway's loading gauge.
However, the experiment backfired, as while the capacity of KuHa 415-1901 was surely superior to single-level cars, the low number of doors made boarding and alighting slower, confirming double-decker cars as unsuitable for Japan's extremely dense commuter railway operations. Thus the set containing KuHa 415-1901 was limited as much as possible to off-peak services, running rapid services between Ueno and Katsuta.
With the introduction of the E531 Series in 2005, JR East started a general re-organization of it's 415 Series fleet: the older "conventional steel" were to be fully replaced, while the 415-1500 Series, due to it's relatively more modern design, was to be displaced to local service workings on the rural section of the Joban Line, north of Iwaki, and on the Mito Line. With this general reformation, the "non-standard" 415-1500 Series cars were retired, with KuHa 415-1901 being retired in 2006, followed one year later by SaHa 411-1701, wich was reired togheter with it's whole formation.
By the mid-2010s, all of JR East's 415-1500 Series sets had been relegated to local services, and with the timetable change of spring 2016, the last remaining ones, running on the Mito Line, were officially retired on the 26th of March of the same year.
On the other hand, the situation of JR Kyushu's fleet has remained nearly unchanged since 1987, with all eight JNR-built sets still in service, togheter with an additional 4-car set that JR Kyushu bought from JR East in 2009. As of today, the fleet is split between Minami-Fukuoka depot, for services on the Kagoshima Line, and Oita Depot for services on the Nippo Main Line.
JR Kyushu has not made plans to retire the 415-1500 Series yet: with the replacement of "conventional steel" 415 Series sets nearly complete, the 415-1500 Series remains as JR Kyushu's sole AC/DC commuter train in service, and as such, the company will still need them for services via the DC-only Kanmon undersea tunnel between Moji and Shimonoseki, atleast until a new order for multivoltage commuter trains is made. This is also reinforced by the fact that 415-1500 Series trains have stainless steel bodyshells, wich don't suffer from corrosion damage coming from saltwater, a common issue with their older "conventional steel" predecessors.
*417 Series in 1978, 419 Series in 1982
Trivia:
With the failure of KuHa 415-1901, JR East changed it's plans for a double-decker train from a commuter train to one for rapid services. These plans would eventually materialize in 1994 with the introduction of the 215 Series.
Bonus link:
https://blog.goo.ne.jp/ak7193907/e/fc818e487f2738e7f4856c7130f504e5
A rare shot of two 415-1500 Series sets, built by Kawasaki at it's Kobe plant, passing trough Osaka station on a test run.